Managing a Diversity Training Program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Managing a Diversity Training Program - Essay Example In US workplace, discrimination is a common phenomenon added by the theory, similarity-attraction which explains â€Å"people are more likely to be attracted to others who are similar to themselves than to others who are different from themselves (Paludi, 2012, Ch.1). As the leader of an insurance company in Baltimore, there are also other theories to be considered before developing a diversity training program like the social categorization theory and the social identity theory. According to the social categorization theory people in workplace tend to classify themselves and others who have common social elements like age, gender, religion and class. According to the social identity theory people tend to take pride in their own characteristics like specific age group or religious affiliations. As such these people form in-groups with others who they consider as their kin and feel separated from out-groups which contain groups other than the in-groups. In this way discrimination bec omes rampant in workplace (Paludi, 2012, Ch.1). For proper diversity management several things need to be considered. A workforce being culturally diverse there is potential of multiple talents and skills. Therefore, for a leader of an insurance company it is necessary that every individual be given proper opportunities to exhibit their talents and skills for the benefit of the company. This will create an overall inclusive working environment that can develop in spite of differences within workforce with no person feeling rejected. Thus, the key lies in creating an inclusive environment that will maximize the potential of all individuals in a workforce within a cultural context that will be advantageous for all (Rosado, 2006, p.4). However, there can be challenges in implementing diversity training program. In spite of the overall advantages of this program, it can be opposed by some members as they may be reluctant to adapt to

Discuss symbolism and its effectiveness in the Iliad Essay Example for Free

Discuss symbolism and its effectiveness in the Iliad Essay Symbolism plays a crucial role in The Iliad. Take for instance when Achilles already knows why Apollo is angry, but decides the fact should be stated by someone other than himself. He knows that Agamemnon will become angry once the truth is revealed. I believe that in this instance he is trying to keep his rage in check by avoiding a direct confrontation with Agamemnon so although the symbolism of anger is present it is kept under wraps. Calchas also fears for his life because he also knows Agamemnons fury is unyielding at times. However, with a great deal of encouragement from Achilles, Calchas spoke out, bravely: Beware-The gods enraged because Agamemnon spurned his priest' (106). When the truth is exposed, Agamemnon becomes extremely angry and he and Achilles argue. The argument becomes so heated that Achilles is tempted to kill Agamemnon. Achilles questions himself, Should he draw the long sharp sword slung at his hip, thrust through the ranks and kill Agamemnon nowor check his rage and beat his fury down (108). Here, Hera has Athena intervene to keep Achilles from killing Agamemnon, which shows how the gods control Achilles destiny. The argument between Achilles and Agamemnon clearly shows that the two men have different opinions about the power of the gods, what is holy or unholy, and what is proper treatment of other men. These differences are one source of Achilles rages likewise the issues pertaining to power and gods are being symbolised. Achilles is also angry at having to fight another mans battle. The Trojan War is being fought because Paris stole Helen, Agamemnons sister-in-law. In his argument with Agamemnon, Achilles points out It wasnt Trojan spearmen who brought me here to fight. The Trojans never did me damage, not in the least (107). Achilles rage heightens in the argument and he declares No, you colossal, shamelesswe all followed you, to please you, to fight for you, to win your honor back from the TrojansMenelaus and you, you dog-face! (108). Achilles is also angry because even though he and many other soldiers are there risking their lives for Agamemnon and Menelaus, Agamemnon is sly enough to avoid personal injury. Achilles says to Agamemnon, Never once did you arm with the troops and go to battle or risk an ambush packed with Achaeas picked menyou lack the courage, you can see death coming (109). The Trojan War is being fought for personal reasons. Achilles rage at this point stems from the injustice that he is risking his life for someone elses cause and also for the fact that Agamemnon is a coward. The argument between Achilles and Agamemnon has deep-seeded roots of jealousy, another and symbol emotion that stirs anger. Agamemnon knows that Achilles has the respect of the soldiers and the gods; therefore, Agamemnon is always striving to prove his superiority and powerfulness to Achilles. Agamemnon agrees to give Chryseis back to the priest, but then takes Brisies from Achilles. Achilles allows Agamemnons men to take Brisies without a fight in order to maintain the respect of the gods; however, after Brisies is taken, Achilles becomes so enraged and heartbroken that he reaffirms his declaration not to fight anymore. Achilles declares that Agamemnon is to blame for the doom of the Achaean army if the day should come when the armies need me to save their ranks from ignominious, stark defeat (112). Jealousy, then, can be viewed as another source of Achilles rage. The issues being symbolised here are emotional and touching. Achilles is heartbroken and calls on his mother, the goddess Thetis. She is sorrowful when she hears Achilles prayers and weeping. Achilles knows that he is going live a short life and now feels that his life has no honor. He feels that the gods have forsaken him by allowing Agamemnon to humiliate him. Achilles wants his mother to collect on an old debt from Zeus. Thetis is saddened by Achilles heartbreak and confirms his destiny, Doomed to a short life, you have so little time. And not only short, now, but filled with heartbreak too' (114). She leaves Achilles to go ask Zeus to let the Trojan army win as long as Achilles is not fighting. Achilles is left alone, his heart inflamed for the sashed and lovely girl theyd wrenched from him against his will (115). Achilles lost love and broken heart are another source of his rage. The effect is symbolism is tangible. Rage is being symbolised through love and the impact leads to a broken heart. Achilles heart remains rigid against Agamemnon even when three of his dearest friends come and ask him to fight again. Phoenix, Ajax, and Odysseus plead with Achilles to join the battle again, but he refuses. The three make the argument that even if Achilles is angry with Agamemnon, he should still come back to the fighting to help his friends whose lives will be lost if he does not. Achilles dearest friend, Patroclus, decides to take Achilles armor and join the fighting. Patroclus is wounded in battle and then is killed when Hector waiting, watching the great-hearted Patroclus trying to stagger free, came rushing into him right across the lines and rammed his spearshaft home. (159). It is Patroclus death that brings Achilles back to the war. Now his rage is aroused by his desire to obtain revenge against the Trojan army and, more specifically, Hector. Achilles armor is lost because Hector and the Trojans take it from Patroclus dead body. This action inspires Achilles to seek Thetis help again. She has Hephaestus make new armor for Achilles. The new armor is magnificent. It is a great and massive shield, blazoning well-wrought emblems all across its surface (173). Thetis and other gods encourage Achilles to fight now. Apollo taunts Achilles while Hector holds fast outside the city gates. It is King Priam who first sees Achilles coming and is filled with fear for Hector. Achilles appears blazing like the star that rears at harvest, flaming up in its brilliance far outshining the countless stars in the night sky (177). Hector is filled with fear as Achilles approaches the city. Achilles then chases Hector around the city three times. It is divine intervention by Athena that causes Hector to finally stop and face Achilles. Zeus decides who will die in the fight as he held out his sacred golden scales: in them he placed two fates of death that lays men low (181). The scales are tipped in Achilles favor and Hector looses his life. It is very clear that the gods control Achilles destiny and influence the factors that create his rage. Why is Achilles enraged? His rage is a personal choice. He decides to confront Agamemnon. He decides to withdraw from the war. He decides to join the war after Patroclus death. However, the gods do their parts in making sure that his destiny is carried out. Thetis has new armor made for him and encourages him to fight. Apollo taunts him. Athena intervenes, first to make sure he does not kill Agamemnon and then later to make sure that he does kill Hector. Zeus weighs his fate. Rage is the spawn of many emotions. Injustice, jealousy, un-holiness, revenge, and heartbreak are emotions that sparked Achilles rage. Homers tale, the Iliad, shows how Achilles rage is his destiny. Symbolism is very effective throughout the novel. It is linked to emotions, love and rage. Works Cited Homer. The Iliad. The Norton Anthology World Masterpieces. Ed. Sarah Lawall. 7th ed. Vol. 1. W. W. Norton Company. New York, London, 1999. 104-209. Spark Notes the Iliad by Homer Spark Notes edition January 10, 2002 The Norton Anthology of Western Literature, Volume 1 by Sarah Lawall Norton; 8 edition August 15, 2005 Making Literature Matter: An Anthology for Readers and Writers by John Schilb Bedford/St. Martin; 3 edition October 25, 2005.

A Comparison of Heart of Darkness and Facts Concerning the Late Arthur

Heart of Darkness and Facts Concerning the Late Arthur Jermyn and His Family    Knowledge Leading to Insanity in H.P. Lovecraft's "Facts Concerning the Late Arthur Jermyn and His Family" and the influence of Joseph Conrad's "Heart of Darkness"    "Science, alrady oppressive with its schocking revelations, will perhaps be the ultimate exterminator of our human species-if separate species we be-for its reserve of unguessed horrors could never be borne by mortal brains if loosed upon the world." --H.P. Lovecraft, "Facts Concerning the Late Arthur Jermyn and His Family"    Both texts, "Heart of Darkness", and "Facts Concerning the Late Arthur Jermyn and His Family" are about the limits of the human mind.   Some are able to contain powerful universal truths and some are not.   Lovecraft, twenty-one years after the publication of "Heart of Darkness", uses it as a partial basis for the exploration of the dangers of Darwin on the human psyche.   Therefore, I explore Conrad's imagery and ultimate purpose in order to show how it is repeated in Lovecraft's story.    European progression into Africa can be summarized as attempting to draw a straight line to the center.   In "Heart of Darkness", Conrad gives two important   descriptions of European exploration to support seeing it as a linear, penetrating movement.   One is the importance of rivers in exploration, which I will discuss in more detail.   The other is one of the European managers description of the ideal goal of the stations on the river:   to each link up in a line and ferry civilization and goodness into Africa.    Turning to rivers, they appear first when Marlow is discussing the blank spots on the map.   He says that these yellow spaces are filled... ...s lineage back to its origin led Arthur Jermyn straight into death, just as extending the line of stations into the Congo led Kurtz into death.   Twenty-one years after the publishing of "Heart of Darkness", its effect on the perception of Africa can be clearly seen.   Lovecraft is an American commercial author, without the colonial perspective of a 19th century English author, so his appropriation of Conrad is based solely on the power of the text.   Together, both stories make a very powerful statement on the true state of the average human being and what his or her mind might be capable of understanding.    Works Cited    Conrad, Joseph.   Heart of Darkness.   1899    Lovecraft, Howard Phillip.   "Facts Concerning the Late Arthur Jermyn and His Family."   Dagon and Other Macabre Tales.   Arkham House:   Sauk City, WI.   1965.   orig. pub. 1920.   pp 73-83

Critique of Artificial Intelligence Essay

Journalist John Markoff wrote the article â€Å"Computer Wins On ‘Jeopardy!’: Trivial, It’s Not†. He discusses how the super computer â€Å"Watson† defeated the all time champion of â€Å"Jeopardy!† Ken Jennings. The author, throughout the article, agrees that the supercomputer â€Å"Watson† was a fair match against Ken Jennings. I disagree with Markoff for multiple reasons. This was in no way a fair match because the computer had a remarkable ability to answer questions at super speeds. Also, the computer has access to all available questions and the ability to answer them. This was in no way a fair battle between the computer and Ken Jennings. The author’s main idea of this article is mainly to say how the supercomputer was a fair match between the two. The computer has ways to answer questions that humans have no way of doing. The computer can answer questions within seconds and even milliseconds when the question is asked. It has a super speed ability to answer these questions, which gives no time for the competitor to even have a chance to answer the questions given. So, when the competitor has no time to even have an attempt to answer the question, there is no way to win. â€Å"Watson† is so smart that almost every question that is asked, he answers correctly. Since I don’t agree with Markoff’s statement about â€Å"Watson†, I don’t think his argument is valid. The reason I don’t believe his argument and points are valid is that a computer that has remarkable and inhuman-like abilities is obviously going to win in a competition of speed and knowledge. Ken Jennings had no chance against this computer. So, if a human has no chance against a machine, how can anyone call this a fair fight? Now, Markoff did define his terms clearly and specifically describe his reasons for why he thinks what he thinks, so I do give him credit for that. Still, I disagree with his argument. I disagree with most of Markoff’s view about the competition between the computer and Jennings. His main point of the fair competition is totally undebatable. â€Å"Watson, on the other hand, does not anticipate the light, but has a weighted scheme that allows it, when it is highly confident, to hit  the buzzer in as little as 10 milliseconds, making it hard for humans to beat† (Markoff 212). This statement made by Markoff proves that this was in no way possible for Jennings to beat the super computer. The computer can buzz in at amazing speeds as little as 10 milliseconds, which is way faster than any other human could possibly buzz in. Plus, the computer is programmed with so much information, that it would most likely be able to defeat Jennings, just because of the intelligence of this machine that the creators programmed into it. Overall, I do not believe that this piece published by John Markoff is in anyway valid. Markoff does however succeed in persuading people his ideas and describing his ideas and arguments very specifically. He does a good job with his argument and stating what he thinks. I do not agree with his argument though. My reaction to this piece is actually astonished because I am not sure how anyone could think that a computer competing against a very intelligent human was fair at all. The weakness of this passage is probably how it can be hard for someone to understand how a computer can manage to accomplish all this, but the strengths are good description and expression of the passage. Although he argues very well of his points, I in no way agree with his argument that the battle between â€Å"Watson† and Ken Jennings was fair.

Introduction to Internet Addiction

Introduction to Internet Addiction Ten years ago, the only people who spent a majority of their leisure time on the computer were paid members of the technology industry. Today, however, surfing the Web has become a pastime as social and marketable as bar hopping or going to the movies. As the web has become a part of mainstream life, some mental health professionals have noted that a percentage of people using the web do so in a compulsive and out-of-control manner.In one extreme (1997)  Cincinnati case, unemployed mother Sandra Hacker allegedly spent over 12 hours a day secluded from her three young and neglected children while she surfed the Web. For better or for worse, this phenomena of compulsive Internet use has been termed ‘Internet Addiction' based on its superficial similarity to common addictions such as smoking, drinking, and gambling. Internet Addiction has even been championed as an actual disorder, notably by psychologists Kimberly Young, Ph. D and David Greenf ield, Ph. D.. However, at this time the true nature of Internet Addiction is not yet determined.In a true addiction, a person becomes compulsively dependent upon a particular kind of stimulation to the point where obtaining a steady supply of that stimulation becomes the sole and central focus of their lives. The addict increasingly neglects his work duties, relationships and ultimately even his health in his drive to remain stimulated. In some cases of addiction (such as addiction to alcohol or to heroin), a phenomenon known as tolerance occurs, wherein more and more stimulation is required to produce the same pleasurable effect.A related phenomena, withdrawal, can also occur, wherein the addicted person comes to be dependent upon their source of stimulation and experiences dramatically unpleasant (and even potentially lethal — as can be the case with alcohol) reactions when he goes without it. Sources of addictive stimulation can be chemical (as is the case with addictive d rugs such as alcohol, cocaine, nicotine and heroin), sensual (as in sex) or even informational (as in gambling or workaholism).What all sources of addictive stimulation have in common is that they provoke a strong, usually positive (at first) reaction in the potential addict, who then seeks out the source of that stimulation so as to obtain that feeling on a regular basis. While many people like to engage in sexual relations, or gamble, or have the occasionally drink because of the pleasure to be had, clearly not all people who do so are addicts. Rather, the term ddiction only applies when someone's stimulation seeking gets to the point where it starts interfering with their ability to function normally and non-neglectfully at work and in relationships. Mental health professionals are split as to whether or not Internet addiction is real. No one disputes that some people use the Internet in a compulsive manner even to a point where it interferes with their their ability to function at work and in social relationships. What is disputed is whether people can become addicted to the Internet itself, or rather to the stimulation and information that the web provides.The controversy surrounding Internet Addiction is precisely whether people become addicted to the net itself, or to the stimulation to be had via the net (such as online gambling, pornography or even simple communication with others via chat and bulletin boards). Some psychologists do not believe in addiction to the Internet itself, but rather in addiction to stimulation that the Internet provides. They suggests that new Internet users often show an initial infatuation with the novelty of the Web, but eventually lose interest and decrease their time spent online back to a normal, healthy amount.Those users who do go on to show compulsive Internet utilization, for the most part become compulsive only with regard to particular types of information to be had online, most often gambling, pornography, chat r oom or shopping sites. This is not an addiction to the Internet itself, but rather to risk-taking, sex, socializing or shopping. In essence then, the chief addictive characteristic of the Internet is its ability to enable instant and relatively anonymous social stimulation. Addicted† Internet users are addicted to a favored kind of social stimulation and not to the Internet itself, although it is also true that the Internet has made it vastly easier and more convenient for someone to develop such a compulsion. Because the Internet is used by many people as a normal part of their career or education, knowing how to separate excessive from normal use becomes difficult and cannot be accomplished using simple measures such as amount of time spent online in a given period. Most fundamental in differentiating normal from problem Internet use is the experience of compulsion to use the net.Normal users, no matter how heavy their usage, do not  need  to get online and do not neglec t their occupational duties or their relationships with family and friends to get online. Help for Internet related addiction is available from multiple sources. Anyone concerned about serious problem Internet usage should consider consulting with a local licensed psychologist, social worker or counselor, specifically one with experience treating addictions. Cognitive therapy based approaches are recommendable due to their systematic and direct focus on reducing problem use and preventing relapse, and the strong scientific support for the approach.Marital and or family therapy approaches may be useful as well when an individual's Internet Addiction is affecting their larger family system (such as might be the case when a husband uses Internet-based pornography as his sole sexual outlet, leaving his wife frozen out). More than a few books and self-help resources (such as audio tape sets) are also available for those who want to educate themselves on the problem. Our Internet Addictio n Treatment article provides further detail.

Animal Farm The Russian Revolution and Marxism Essay Example

Animal Farm The Russian Revolution and Marxism Essay Example Animal Farm The Russian Revolution and Marxism Essay Animal Farm The Russian Revolution and Marxism Essay Essay Topic: Animal Farm George Orwells novel Animal Farm is a novel that was published in 1945, which notices occasions that are identified with real life situations about the Bolshevik revolution in Russia in 1917. It symbolizes genuine characters like Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin. The novels plot is about farm controlled by Mr. Jones who is a harsh owner, misusing the animals, making them work progressively and eat less. Moreover, one day Mr. Jones neglected to feed his family and this prompt a revolution which was an insubordination by the animals, established by Savvy Pigs, toppling Mr. Jones and taking control of the farm. The heroes are Snowball, Brilliant Pig who gives addresses the revolution. The second character is Napoleon, another keen insidiousness pig who killed Snowball through his mystery security dogs and blamed him for injustice. This novel is a critique of Marxian hypothesis as it mirrors his hypothesis of change from Capitalism to Communism by symbolizing the bourgeoisie as Mr. Jones and the low class as the animals. It symbolizes Marxs surplus value idea, changes from the capitalists to the communist ones. Marx is criticized for trusting that in a socialist society there will be no exploiters. The novel is likewise against the activities of Joseph Stalin demonstrating how Stalins socialist system manipulated the poor into working too hard. The novel represents how people were misused in any hope of having potential advantages in their standards of living. Marxs idea of Surplus value is about workers who are abused as they get lower wages in comparison to what they offer. He believes that the exploitation is a consequence of not owning the methods of production. The workers themselves are methods for production who are getting paid not as much as what they offer, and the distinction is the surplus value. In the novel, the old boar talks about the evilness of Mr. Jones, how they endure and how they reproduce. His thoughts are name

Ancient China Essays - Steelmaking, Building Materials, Free Essays

Ancient China Essays - Steelmaking, Building Materials, Free Essays Ancient China The World is forever in debt to China for its innovations. Ancient China was extreme advance and many of its discoveries are still in use today. This is what Robert Temple, the author of The Genius of China 3000 years of science, discovery and invention. The book is based on 11 main parts of Chinese innovation. Within these 11 categories, there are 3 main parts that contain the most significant inventions. Robert Temple concentrates the bulk of his examples in these three categories, agriculture, domestic and industrial technology , and engineering. Temples examples were not limited to these fields of innovation. The Chinese excelled in many other areas, including mathematics, warfare and transportation, to name a few. Although Temple wrote about eleven fields of invention, I feel that these three sections contain the greatest examples of Chinese innovation, and the debt that the modern world owes China. The first main area is the field of engineering. Within this chapter, the development of iron and steel is the greatest achievement. The development of iron and steel led to other advances. By at least the 4th century the Chinese have developed blast furnaces to obtain cast iron from iron ore. This was 1200 years before the first blast furnace showed up in Europe. The reasons that the author gave to explain the reasons why the Chinese developed this technology are simple. The Chinese had access to large amounts of clay, the key ingredient in making blast furnaces. The Chinese also figured out that by adding a substance they called :Black Earth, they could lower the melting point of iron. Another major invention of the Chinese, that led to other achievements, is steel. The common belief today is that Henry Bessemer discovered the process of refining iron into steel. The fact is Chinese had developed the process to refine iron into steel in the second century BC The Chinese learned that by injecting oxygen into the blast furnace, they could remove the carbon from the iron. The Chinese called this process the hundred refinings method since they repeated the process that many times. The finished product was highly prized in China for its strength and ability to hold an edge on a sword. The Chinese would weld the steel onto weaker iron thus creating a strong edge and a superior weapon. The Chinese iron and steel workers were the best at making different types of metals into modern times. But then, no one else could have done so at the time, since iron existed nowhere else but in China. The Chinese invented the chain pump in the first century AD The chain pump allows water to the pumped from lower to higher elevations. The chain pumps were used for draining and pumping in civil engineering, but what is more important is it was used for irrigation. Irrigation allows for greater and more intense farming, thus resulting in a better crop yield. With the greater crop yields larger populations can be supported. The chain pump was exported to all parts of the world by way of visiting ambassadors and dignitaries. The first European chain pump appeared in the sixteenth century, and was a direct copy of the Chinese version. The second area of great Chinese achievement is in domestic and industrial technology. The most recognized Chinese invention is in the field of domestic and industrial technology, paper. Paper was invented around the second century BC and was used as clothing. One might not believe that paper could be used as clothing, but the paper made at that time used thicker and tougher paper fibers. Not only was paper used for clothing, it was also used for military body armor. The Chinese found out that pleated sheets of paper could stop the penetration of arrows. The paper armor was standard issue with Chinese land and sea units. Papers writing property was not discovered till about one century after its discovery. The earliest example of writing on paper was found an abandon military post. The paper found dates back to 110 AD and contained two dozen readable characters. The area that let China grow and expand was the innovations in the area of agriculture. The greatest achievement

50 Musical Terms Used in Nonmusical Senses

50 Musical Terms Used in Nonmusical Senses 50 Musical Terms Used in Nonmusical Senses 50 Musical Terms Used in Nonmusical Senses By Mark Nichol Have you noticed how many terms for musical phenomena have been adopted into general discourse? Sometimes it’s difficult to determine whether the musical term was later associated with a general definition, or whether the general usage came first, but take note of these musically derived or related words: 1. Ad lib (from ad libitum): an improvisation 2. Baroque: elaborate, extravagant, and/or flamboyant 3. Beat: a brief measure or pause 4. Cadence: a sequence or measure of rhythm 5. Choir: a group of people sharing beliefs or values (â€Å"preaching to the choir†) 6. Chord: the target of a stimulus (â€Å"strike a chord†) 7. Chorus: a unified response (â€Å"a chorus of approval†) 8. Coda: a conclusion 9. Conductor: someone who organizes an enterprise or scheme 10. Crescendo: a high point 11. Cue: a signal to start or do something or cause it to happen 12. Downbeat: pessimistic 13. Duet: an action undertaken by a union of two people 14. Encore: an additional performance or achievement 15. Ensemble: a group in which no one person stands out 16. Falsetto: an unnaturally high voice 17. Fanfare: celebratory attention 18. Finale: a concluding performance or act 19. Gig: a job or assignment 20. Impromptu: spontaneous, improvised 21. Interlude: a planned interruption or intervening period 22. Leitmotif: a recurring overarching idea 23. Maestro: an accomplished person 24. Medley: a series or other collection of ingredients or actions 25. Opera: extended to â€Å"soap opera,† the slang term for domestic radio and later television dramas (so called because detergent manufacturers often sponsored these programs aimed at homemakers) and â€Å"horse opera,† another name for westerns (plural of opus) 26. Opus: a major work 27. Orchestrate: to organize strategically, with a possible connotation of conniving or conspiracy 28. Overtone: a suggestion or connotation 29. Overture: an invitation or act of persuasion 30. Pitch: the nature of a sound based on its frequency, or a degree of interest (â€Å"fever pitch†) 31. Prelude: a preliminary to a main action 32. Prologue: an introduction 33. Reprise: a repeated performance 34. Requiem: a composition in any medium to honor the dead or a failed effort 35. Resonance: an evocation of feeling or sense 36. Rhapsodic: any overwrought or elaborate creative effort or speech (â€Å"waxing rhapsodic†) 37. Riff: a verbal performance, especially as in a fast and furious routine by a stand-up comedian; also refers to a brief witticism or to a variation, synonymous with the informal noun take 38. Rock: to be very impressive or pleasing (â€Å"That rocks!†), to inspire excitement (â€Å"The band rocked the concert hall†), or to flaunt an ostentatious style of clothing or coiffure (â€Å"She rocked her new boots†) 39. Serenade: an effort to persuade 40. Solo: alone 41. Staccato: a suggestion of speed rather than simply detached sounds (â€Å"staccato bursts of gunfire†) 42. Suite: a collection or set 43. Tempo: speed or rate 44. Theme: subject or style 45. Timbre: the distinguishing quality of a voice 46. Tone: the quality of expression in writing or speaking as well, and the quality of a physical form 47. Unison: agreement or union 48. Upbeat: optimistic 49. Virtuoso: one particularly skilled in an endeavor 50. Waltz: to move in a bold, confident, or lively manner (â€Å"She triumphantly waltzed into the room†) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Mostly Small But Expressive InterjectionsDisappointed + PrepositionTypes of Ignorance

Economy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Economy - Assignment Example The organization was established in 1944 and in early 1995, it replaced the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), becoming the main organization fuelling the process of trade negotiations. The Secretariat of the WTO is present in Geneva and more than 140 countries are members of the organization, constituting for about 97% of the trade all over the world. 30 other countries have a negotiating membership in WTO. The main role of WTO is to mitigate the barriers that are present to global trade as well as to make the process of trade on the international level more transparent and predictable. Moreover the WTO functions to regulate and enforce the laws that are formulated by the organization to maintain transparency in trade and to regulate the exchange of goods that take place under the category of imports and exports of both goods and services. The laws that are passed by the WTO can be amended through trade negotiations to promote the genuine interests of the members. It can be argued that amendments to trade negotiations have an impact on the economy of the country in the same way as trade policies themselves do. The aim of this paper is to delve in greater detail regarding the basics of economic analysis and how is it used in trade negotiations. Moreover the paper explores the probable economic benefits that may culminate due to the success of the trade negotiations. The paper discusses how economics can be used for the purpose of identification of current failure of Beneficiaries to come to an agreement regarding trade negotiations. Analysing the WTO in this context, one comes to appreciate that the organization serves two prime functions (Bruch & Environmental Law Institute 2002). Firstly, the WTO has a policymaking role. This follows that WTO provides a platform for nations to come unite and discuss various aspects of trade between them. Countries are called together for the purpose of negotiating multilateral trade agreements. In this regard, the WTO also has the authority to review the trade policies of the member countries. Secondly, the WTO serves a dispute settlement role. The WTO provides yet another platform for countries to come to a solution regarding their disputes which surface as a result of the trade agreements between the countries. The policymaking role of the Organization is primarily member-driven; on the other hand, the dispute settlement position gives the duty of resolving disputes to independent ad hoc panels (Bruch & Environmental Law Institute 2002). One aspect that the Organization has to deal with respect to trade is trade negotiations. Negotiations are wrought with dilemmas and disagreements amongst the participating nations and it is not easy to reach a consensus regarding many of the issues under discussion. When participating in a summit, nations would tend to get their version of the amendment put into effect, subserving their own national priorities. Therefore, one can establish that the proces s of trade negotiations on such a vast scale is never a win-win situation. The process of trade negotiations between countries has an impact on the rules and regulations that WTO drafts and enforces. The process of trade negotiations and the subsequent changes that are made to the trade agreeme

Poverty and Discrimination Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Poverty and Discrimination - Research Paper Example Poverty is not a disease, rather a condition which can be overcome if proper steps are taken by the policy makers of a country. Furthermore, it’s not only even up to the policy makers alone to alienate poverty, it needs the contribution from people of all walks of society including technocrats, rich and the poor alike. People often argue that poverty isn’t really a problem as such and that the poor are poor as they don’t do much effort to get out of the vicious chain of poverty. Just mentioning a few facts and figures at this stage would give an idea of how widespread this cancer actually is. According to a research carried out by an agency of the United Nations, about three million people (or almost half the population of the entire world) thrive on less than $2.50 a day. According to yet another research, if the wealth of seven of the world’s richest men is combined, it would be much greater than the overall gross domestic product or GDP or 41 of the world’s most indebted and poor countries. Just to give a rough estimate, the population of these 41 countries combined stands at around five hundred and sixty seven million people (National Bureau of Economic Research & National Bureau of Economic Research, 2000). Yet another research goes on to say that there are almost a billion people in the current century who are so poor and illiterate, that they’re even unable to cast their signatures or read a book. Poverty is one of the most major economic issues of the current times since it involves so many people. A solution needs to be discovered not only to manage this problem in the short term, but to eventually alienate it in the longer term. Addressing the issue of poverty would mean a lot more people would gain employment, they would be able to live a healthy life style, be able to finance their own day to day expenses, be able to achieve their basic necessities and finally be

Oceania Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Oceania - Research Paper Example Polynesia is made up of more than 1000 islands spread over central and South Pacific Ocean. The occupants of Polynesian are called Polynesians. According to the history, the occupants were sailors who used stars to determine night hours. The land is about 70 million sq miles of Pacific Ocean. Polynesia is made up of two different cultural groups, east and west Polynesia. The culture of west belong to high populations, it is made up of well build institutions of marriage, well developed judiciary, financial and trading traditions. The groups that occupy this area are the Tonga, Niue, Samoa and Polynesian outliers. According to the (Richard, 2011) the eastern part is adapted to small islands such as cook, islands, Tuamotus, Marquesas, Hawaii, and Rapa Nui. The leaders were appointed based on their blood hereditary. The settlement in the area was of two categories, the hamlet and village, the size of an island was the determining factor on whether the hamlet or a village will be build. In the large volcanic islands, the hamlet was mainly built because of many zones; these zones could be divided all over the islands. Villages were established on the coast of small islands and it consist of 40 or more houses. Melanesia extends from Arafura Sea to the western part of Pacific Ocean, and Fiji to the east. The people occupying the region are called Melanesians and are believed to be he ancestors of Papuan speaking people. The number of languages in Melanesia is about 1320 and they are scattered across the land. The leaders were appointed based on the individual personality not through inheritance or blood like the Polynesians. The key components for leadership were power of persuasion, selecting high placed woman as a partner and many other physical factors. Micronesia lies to the Melanesia to the south and to the east is Polynesia; Philippines to the west and Indonesia to southwest. Micronesia is made up of 607 islands and it has four states, Chuuk, Yap, island of Kosr ae and Ponpei. The original languages of Micronesia indigenous people are in a class of Austronesia language family (Richard, 2011). The island was colonized by Spain in 17thcen. Later on the Germans purchased it from the Spanish in 1899. The Japanese fought out the Germans from the island in 1915 but American forces took over from the Japanese during the world war 11. The Micronesia culture is one of the last to develop in the region; it is a mixture of Melanesians, Polynesians, and Filipinos. One of the main ethnic groups in the region is Fijians. Fijians arrived at Fiji when it was already occupied by the Melanesians, but Melanesians was still weak since they were still new in the area. Due to their strong war tools, they managed to fight out Melanesians and occupy the area. Due to the conflict between the two groups, Fiji ends up being a place of relentless and bloody conflict. The early missionaries and traders who visited the islands show the details of extreme violence and ca nnibalism. In the Fijian culture, warfare, cannibalism and religion were interdependent (Richard, 2011). The traditional rights and customs demand bodies and sacrifices to be carried out for the security of the society, at the same time for a war to be carried out successfully; it needs the mediation of priest and the help from

Science Meets Real Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Science Meets Real Life - Essay Example The 5 steps of the scientific method are then executed again. If the bulb glows in the second lamp then it is CONCLUDED that there has been a fault in the initial lamp that was lighted when the person reached home. But there could be a POSSIBLE ERROR here and that is that the lamp may not be plugged into the socket properly. Another subsequent query that may now arise is that whether the Initial lamp was fixed properly or not. This series of hypothetical testing continues unless the actual reasoning behind the nonfunctioning of the lamp is assessed. If the Fan is not running then it the hypothesis is accepted and it is affirmed that since the engine fan is not working that must be the reason behind the rapid heating up the car. However this can still not be affirmed that whether the fan itself is faulty or there is a fault in the electrical wiring connecting the fan to the engine. If he fan does not turn on when connected to the new battery terminals then it is ascertained that the reason for the non-functioning of the fan and thus heating up of the car was the burning out of the fan only. However, if the fan is functional then further analysis is required to assess that what is the actual reason behind the inoperability of the fan and the scientific methodology of figuring out the root cause by assessing one factor after the other unless a deductive conclusion is reached, continues. Science is a natural and indispensible option for humans to exercise. Even if life of the human beings is considered in its simplest of forms as it was in the primitive times, the applications of science in it remain there and are obvious. Thus it can very well be ascertained that human life and Science go hand in hand. Considering our daily routine we get benefitted with the applications of science round the clock. It doesn’t matter whether we are at work, are spending leisure time or are into slumber; science is applied into our

Oceans and Climate Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Oceans and Climate Change - Essay Example With a combined flow measuring 30 Svedrup or 30 million cubic meters per second which may even increase up to 150 Svedrup, the Gulf Stream increases in speed as it gathers more warm water along the way. From the North Atlantic it heads to Europe then to the west coast of Africa (â€Å"Ocean Currents,† 2008). The Gulf Stream affects the climate of the coastal areas by making America and Europe warm through the constantly evaporating warm water. This particular ocean current is worth mentioning because in case it ceases to flow, the whole of America and Europe will freeze (Gagosian, 2007). Another major ocean current is the Labrador Current, which is a cold water current that keeps the east coast of Canada cold. It passes through Labrador and Newfoundland, and meets the Gulf Stream at the Grand Banks. The meeting of the cold Labrador current and the warm Gulf Stream at this point marks the spot for very rich fishing grounds for commercial fish that include swordfish and halibut (â€Å"Ocean Currents,† 2008). The equatorial currents – the North Equatorial Current and the South Equatorial Current – are ocean currents that cross the equator. The North Equatorial Current is a westward flowing current in the North Atlantic and is mainly caused by the Atlantic trade wind belt. It originates from the northwestern coast of Africa and goes to the South Atlantic and finally to the North Atlantic. This particular current is made up of cool waters (Bischof et al., 2004). On the other hand, the South Equatorial current, which also flows westward, crosses the equator from the Atlantic to the Pacific but only to a lesser extent. Unlike the North Equatorial current, it is a warm current that embraces South America and meets up with the Brazil current going northwest to the Caribbean Sea, while a part of it goes to the Pacific and Indian Oceans (Gore, 2012). While the North Equatorial Current provides coolness to the climate of the North Atlantic, the South Equatorial Current provides heat to the South Atlantic and the Pacific area. The explanation behind the fact that ocean currents cause significant changes in the climates of the coastal areas is that 71% of the earth is water located mainly in the oceans and this huge reservoir of water absorbs â€Å"twice as much of the sun’s radiation† compared to how much the lithosphere or atmosphere can absorb (Rahmstorf, 1997). The mere fact that radiation and heat is absorbed by the ocean waters certainly translates to their significant role in affecting climates of the coastal areas. The continuous flow of the ocean currents is known as the Ocean Conveyor Belt. The Ocean Conveyor Belt is similar to a conveyor in a factory as it connects all the other ocean currents in order to facilitate the transfer of warm water from the Pacific to the Atlantic Oceans. It also returns cold water from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The Ocean Conveyor Belt plays a â€Å"crucial† role in shaping the climate of the earth. The Ocean Conveyor Belt works through the combined action of the winds, the waves, the currents, and the tides caused by the pull of gravity resulting in a motion known as the â€Å"thermohaline circulation† (â€Å"The Great Ocean,† 2008). This is also called the Meridional Overturning Circulation, or MOC (Masters, 2012). Since the Ocean Conveyor Belt makes up the largest group of interlinked ocean currents around the world and since these currents affect the climates of t

A case study of Marks & Spencers, critically analysing the marketing Essay

A case study of Marks & Spencers, critically analysing the marketing strategies it employs in U.K and making recommendations for future strategic directions - Essay Example For instance, they engage in new product innovation and creativity, they use information system to understand their customers and keep in touch with their customers. Organizations today focus on value-creation rather than just short-term profitability. Competition has intensified in the UK fashion industry with the supermarkets entering the fashion segment. The consumers too have become price conscious and started looking towards the supermarket for discounts and bargains in the fashion sector. Supermarkets have been successful in extracting value from their existing customer base. Many high street retailers have lost out to supermarkets in the process (Hines, 2001). This has urged the high street retailers to rethink their marketing strategy to remain sustainable. Use of technology, getting the quality and design to match consumers’ desires, needs and tastes, adding value to the services, finding newer ways of reaching the consumer have made fashion marketing for high street retailers a challenge. Fashion leadership means to be a step ahead of competitors. The UK fashion retailers have been operating in an environment characterized by high levels of market concentration, centralized control and market standardization (Birtwistle & Freathy, 1998). Standardization resulted in lack of product differentiation and this led some retailers to bring about a shift in their marketing approach. The UK consumer market is divided between those who value product quality and those who value price. Marks & Spencer’s failed to recognize the moves by its competitors and give due cognizance to the needs and demands of the consumers. Established in 1894, Marks & Spencer’s (M&S) was the leading retailer till the mid 1990s. It started facing a decline towards end 1990s as it failed to keep up with the market demands. Although M&S initiated its recovery plan, it encountered several

Oceans and Climate Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Oceans and Climate Change - Essay Example With a combined flow measuring 30 Svedrup or 30 million cubic meters per second which may even increase up to 150 Svedrup, the Gulf Stream increases in speed as it gathers more warm water along the way. From the North Atlantic it heads to Europe then to the west coast of Africa (â€Å"Ocean Currents,† 2008). The Gulf Stream affects the climate of the coastal areas by making America and Europe warm through the constantly evaporating warm water. This particular ocean current is worth mentioning because in case it ceases to flow, the whole of America and Europe will freeze (Gagosian, 2007). Another major ocean current is the Labrador Current, which is a cold water current that keeps the east coast of Canada cold. It passes through Labrador and Newfoundland, and meets the Gulf Stream at the Grand Banks. The meeting of the cold Labrador current and the warm Gulf Stream at this point marks the spot for very rich fishing grounds for commercial fish that include swordfish and halibut (â€Å"Ocean Currents,† 2008). The equatorial currents – the North Equatorial Current and the South Equatorial Current – are ocean currents that cross the equator. The North Equatorial Current is a westward flowing current in the North Atlantic and is mainly caused by the Atlantic trade wind belt. It originates from the northwestern coast of Africa and goes to the South Atlantic and finally to the North Atlantic. This particular current is made up of cool waters (Bischof et al., 2004). On the other hand, the South Equatorial current, which also flows westward, crosses the equator from the Atlantic to the Pacific but only to a lesser extent. Unlike the North Equatorial current, it is a warm current that embraces South America and meets up with the Brazil current going northwest to the Caribbean Sea, while a part of it goes to the Pacific and Indian Oceans (Gore, 2012). While the North Equatorial Current provides coolness to the climate of the North Atlantic, the South Equatorial Current provides heat to the South Atlantic and the Pacific area. The explanation behind the fact that ocean currents cause significant changes in the climates of the coastal areas is that 71% of the earth is water located mainly in the oceans and this huge reservoir of water absorbs â€Å"twice as much of the sun’s radiation† compared to how much the lithosphere or atmosphere can absorb (Rahmstorf, 1997). The mere fact that radiation and heat is absorbed by the ocean waters certainly translates to their significant role in affecting climates of the coastal areas. The continuous flow of the ocean currents is known as the Ocean Conveyor Belt. The Ocean Conveyor Belt is similar to a conveyor in a factory as it connects all the other ocean currents in order to facilitate the transfer of warm water from the Pacific to the Atlantic Oceans. It also returns cold water from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The Ocean Conveyor Belt plays a â€Å"crucial† role in shaping the climate of the earth. The Ocean Conveyor Belt works through the combined action of the winds, the waves, the currents, and the tides caused by the pull of gravity resulting in a motion known as the â€Å"thermohaline circulation† (â€Å"The Great Ocean,† 2008). This is also called the Meridional Overturning Circulation, or MOC (Masters, 2012). Since the Ocean Conveyor Belt makes up the largest group of interlinked ocean currents around the world and since these currents affect the climates of t

European Court on Human Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

European Court on Human Rights - Essay Example The Human Rights Watch (HRW), a global NGO, noted this weakness in implementation of human rights laws. "The development of norms has not been matched by effective means for their implementation." (Hicks, 2007) Implementation is further blocked by the current thinking that protection worldwide, and the threat to human rights continues to grow." (Hicks, 2007) Amnesty International also believes that today, "human rights are not only a promise unfulfilled, they are a promise betrayed." Amnesty International was referring specifically to attempts by various States to justify or conceal their violations of the absolute ban on torture, to the tragedy of Darfur, the failure to stop extreme and widespread violence against women, and the failure to pursue the people's economic, political and social rights (as embodied in the modest UN Millenium Development Goals). In the face of such serious challenges, the Human Rights Watch (HRW) called for UN Member States to rise and assume the role of human rights defenders. Not the US, since HRW believes that the US has compromised itself by human rights violations in its campaign against terrorism and in the war in Iraq (for instance, secret prison camps and ill-treatment and torture of prisoners). Also not Russia or China, since as HRW pointed out, the two countries are themselves major human rights violators, especially the rights of political dissenters. The Human Rights Watch urged the European Union to assume the role since it is "the world's leading collection of democracies, founded on a ECHR 4 commitment to human rights and the rule of law." At the same time HRW chided the EU, stating that "due in part to structural problems and in part to a lack of political will, the European Union's underperformance on human rights has left a gaping leadership hole." (Roth, 2007) EU: Waffling on Human Rights Issues The EU has made undeniable progress in setting up a European human rights system. Its Charter of Fundamental Rights, adopted in 2002, has defined the comprehensive civil, political, economic and social rights of all European citizens and residents, covering the following concerns: dignity, freedoms, equality, solidarity, citizens rights and justice. (Europa) "Human rights, democracy and the rule of law are core values of the European Union. Embedded in its founding treaty, they have been reinforced by the adoption of a Charter of Fundamental Rights. Respect for human rights is a prerequisite for countries seeking to join the Union and a precondition for countries who have concluded trade and other agreements with it." (European Parliament) The European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) is empowered to hear cases filed by individuals who believe that their rights were violated

Economic Systems Essay Example for Free

Economic Systems Essay Socialism Socialism is an economic system where all the economic decisions are made by the government or a central authority. There will be no private property rights since the government officially owns all resources. It is also known as a command economy or a planned system. Socialist economics refers to the economic theories, practices, and norms of hypothetical and existing socialist economic systems. A socialist economy is based on some form of social ownership, which includes varieties of public ownership and independent cooperatives, over the means of production, wherein production is carried out to directly produce use-value sometimes, but not always, coordinated through economic planning and a system of accounting based on calculation-in-kind or a direct measure of labor-time. The term socialist economics may also be applied to analysis of former and existing economic systems that call themselves socialist, such as the works of Hungarian economist Jà ¡nos Kornai. Socialist economics has been associated with different schools of economic thought, most notably Marxian economics, institutional economics, evolutionary economics and neoclassical economics. Early socialism, like Ricardian socialism, was based on classical economics. During the 20th century, proposals and models for planned economies and market socialism were based heavily on neoclassical economics or a synthesis of neoclassical economics with Marxian or institutional economics. look more:  what is the basic economic problem essay Characteristics 1 Public ownership of resources All the resources are owned and operated by the state or the government in the interest of society as a whole. This is to ensure equal opportunity of all citizens regardless of their income. Public ownership also aims to fully utilize the country’s resources. 2 Central planning authority The central authority is responsible for making economic decisions for society. The authority plans and allocates resources between current consumption and investment for the future. 3 Price mechanism of lesser importance Socialism gives less importance to market forces. Prices are fixed by the government and not determined by demand and supply. Private profits are not allowed and public interest is emphasized in the command economy. 4 Central control and ownership A socialist economy is a fully planned economy where the government intervenes in all aspects of economic activity. The government controls production, consumption, and the distribution of goods and services. Merits of Socialism 1 Production according to basic needs Production in a socialist economy is mainly directed at producing the basic needs of the people such as food, clothing and building materials. It is not determined by the purchasing power of the rich in society. The phenomenon of the rich getting richer and the poor getting poorer does not exist in the socialist economy. 2 Equal distribution of income and wealth There is no difference between the rich and the poor. This system provides equal opportunity for all citizens in earning an income. Wealth is also equally distributed since private enterprise is limited 3 Better allocation of resourses Under the socialist system, the planning authority will allocate resources between current consumption and future investment. 4 No serious unemployment or recession/ inflation The unemployment rate and inflation are usually taken care of by the government to ensure economic stability in the country. 5 Rapid economic development In a socialism system, the economy grows faster. The main factors responsible for the rapic economic growth are the full utilization of resources, planning and quick decisions. 6 Social welfare The government will provide all citizens of the country with full social security benefits such as pension, accident benefits and others. Since the government is concerned, labour dispute and wastage of resources do not exist in a socialism system. Economic Decisions in a Socialistic System What to produce In Socialism, planning authorities decide what to produce. The Central Planning Authority will collect detailed statistics on the resource availability in the country and link it with national priorities. If the planning authority has a choice of producing computers using more labour or more machinery. How to produce The Central Planning Authority also decided on the techniques to be used in the production of different goods and services. The choice is between traditional and modern technique of production. For example, the planning authority has a choice of producing computers using more labour or more machinery. For whom to produce The distribution of the national product is decided by the Central Planning Authority. The distribution of various commodities among citizens is done through a set of administred fixwd processes. Necessity goods are fixed at lower prices, and luxury goods at higher prices. The purpose of these fixed prices is to reduce inequalities in the distribution of income. Demerits of Socialism 1 Lacks of incentives and initative by individuals Individuals have no profit motive. This will lead to economic inefficiency since jobs are provided by the government and individuals are not motivated to work harder. 2 Loss of economic freedom and consumer sovereignty Under a socialist economy, the central planning authority or the government directs all economic activity. There is no choice given to the consumer and they accept whatever public enterprise produce. There is little variety in the goods and services produced and availability is restricted. Limited private organizations exist in a socialist economy. 3 Absence of competition Since there are limited private enterprises, less research and development (RD) activities are carried out. This results in low quality products since there is no competition. Socialist economies in theory Robin Hahnel and Michael Albert identify five economic models within the rubric of socialist economics * Public Enterprise Centrally Planned Economy in which all property is owned by the State and all key economic decisions are made centrally by the State, the former Soviet Union. * Public Enterprise State-Managed Market Economy, one form of market socialism which attempts to use the price mechanism to increase economic efficiency, while all decisive productive assets remain in the ownership of the state, e.g. socialist market economy in China after reform. * A mixed economy, where public and private ownership are mixed, and where industrial planning is ultimately subordinate to market allocation, the model generally adopted by social democrats e.g. in twentieth century Sweden. * Public Enterprise Employee Managed Market Economies, another form of market socialism in which publicly owned, employee-managed production units engage in free market exchange of goods and services with one another as well as with final consumers, e.g. mid twentieth century Yugoslavia, Two more theoretical models are Prabhat Ranjan Sarkars Progressive Utilization Theory and Economic democracy. * Public Enterprise Participatory Planning, an economy featuring social ownership of the means of production with allocation based on an integration of decentralized democratic planning, e.g. stateless communism, libertarian socialism. An incipient historical forebear is that of Catalonia during the Spanish revolution. More developed theoretical models include those of Karl Polanyi, Participatory Economics and the negotiated coordination model of Pat Devine, as well as in Cornelius Castoriadiss pamphlet Workers Councils and the Economics of a Self-Managed Society. Additionally, Jà ¡nos Kornai identifies five distinct classifications for socialism: * Classical / Marxist conception, where socialism is a stage of economic development in which wage labour, private property in the means of production and monetary relations have been made redundant through the development of the productive forces, so that capital accumulation has been superseded by economic planning. Economic planning in this definition means conscious allocation of economic inputs and the means of production by the associated producers to directly maximise use-values as opposed to exchange-values, in contrast to the anarchy of production of capitalism. * Walrasian / Market Socialist which defines socialism as public-ownership or cooperative-enterprises in a market economy, with prices for producer goods set through a trial-and-error method by a central planning board. In this view, socialism is defined in terms of de jure public property rights over major enterprises. * Leninist conception, which includes a form of political organisation based on control of the means of production and government by a single political party apparatus that claims to act in the interest of the working class, and an ideology hostile toward markets and political dissent, with coordination of economic activity through centralised economic planning (a command economy). * Social Democratic concept, based on the capitalist mode of production, which defines socialism as a set of values rather than a specific type of social and economic organisation. It includes unconditional support for parliamentary democracy, gradual and reformist attempts to establish socialism, and support for socially progressive causes. Social democrats are not opposed to the market or private property; instead they try to ameliorate the effects of capitalism through a welfare state, which relies on the market as the fundamental coordinating entity in the economy and a degree of public ownership/public provision of public goods in an economy otherwise dominated by private enterprise. * East Asian model, or socialist market economy, based on a largely free-market, capital accumulation for profit and substantial private ownership along with state-ownership of strategic industries monopolised by a single political party. Jà ¡nos Kornai ultimately leaves the classification of this model (as either socialist or capitalist) to the reader.[16] What are the disadvantages and advantages of socialism? Advantages of Socialism * In environments with plentiful resources, socialism provides all members with their survival needs, creating a stable social environment. * Members that cannot participate economically due to disabilities, age, or periods of poor health can still impart wisdom, emotional support and continuity of experience to the system. * Freedom from work provides opportunity for some societal members to explore non-economically-productive pursuits, such as pure science, math and non-popular arts. Disadvantages of Socialism * Since there is no culling and no economic advantage to working harder, socialistic systems provide no inherent incentive to participate. This makes socialism internally unstable. * Due to a lack of incentives, socialistic systems tend not to be competitive, making them externally unstable. * In times of plenty, immigrants are drawn to the free resources offered by socialistic systems, while potentially adding nothing economically productive. * In times of scarcity, resentment of non-economically-productive members of society increases, causing a destabilizing effect on the society and economy History of socialist economic thought Values of socialism have roots in pre-capitalist institutions such as the religious communes, reciprocal obligations, and communal charity of Mediaeval Europe, the development of its economic theory primarily reflects and responds to the monumental changes brought about by the dissolution of feudalism and the emergence of specifically capitalist social relations. As such it is commonly regarded as a movement belonging to the modern era. Many socialists have considered their advocacy as the preservation and extension of the radical humanist ideas expressed in Enlightenment doctrine such as Jean-Jacques Rousseaus Discourse on Inequality, Wilhelm von Humboldts Limits of State Action, or Immanuel Kants insistent defense of the French Revolution. Capitalism appeared in mature form as a result of the problems raised when an industrial factory system requiring long-term investment and entailing corresponding risks was introduced into an internationalized commercial (mercantilist) framework. Historically speaking, the most pressing needs of this new system were an assured supply of the elements of industry – land, elaborate machinery, and labour – and these imperatives led to the commodification of these elements. According to influential socialist economic historian Karl Polanyis classic account, the forceful transformation of land, money and especially labour into commodities to be allocated by an autonomous market mechanism was an alien and inhuman rupture of the pre-existing social fabric. Marx had viewed the process in a similar light, referring to it as part of the process of primitive accumulation whereby enough initial capital is amassed to begin capitalist production. The dislocation that Polyani and others describe, triggered natural counter-movements in efforts to re-embed the economy in society. These counter-movements, that included, for example, the Luddite rebellions, are the incipient socialist movements. Over time such movements gave birth to or acquired an array of intellectual defenders who attempted to develop their ideas in theory. As Polanyi noted, these counter-movements were mostly reactive and therefore not full-fledged socialist movements. Some demands went no further than a wish to mitigate the capitalist markets worst effects. Later, a full socialist program developed, arguing for systemic transformation. Its theorists believed that even if markets and private property could be tamed so as not to be excessively exploitative, or crises could be effectively mitigated, capitalist social relations would remain significantly unjust and anti-democratic, suppressing universal human needs for fulfilling, empowering and creative work, diversity and solidarity. Within this context socialism has undergone four periods: the first in the 19th century was a period of utopian visions (1780s-1850s); then occurred the rise of revolutionary socialist and Communist movements in the 19th century as the primary opposition to the rise of corporations and industrialization (1830–1916); the polarisation of socialism around the question of the Soviet Union, and adoption of socialist or social democratic policies in response (1916–1989) and the response of socialism in the neo-liberal era (1990- ). As socialism developed, so did the socialist system of economics. Utopian socialism The first theories which came to hold the term socialism began to be formulated in the late 18th century, and were termed socialism early in the 19th century. The central beliefs of the socialism of this period rested on the exploitation of those who labored by those who owned capital or rented land and housing. The abject misery, poverty and disease to which laboring classes seemed destined was the inspiration for a series of schools of thought which argued that life under a class of masters, or capitalists as they were then becoming to be called, would consist of working classes being driven down to subsistence wages. Socialist ideas found expression in utopian movements, which often formed agricultural communes aimed at being self-sufficient on the land. These included many religious movements, such as the Shakers in America. Utopian socialism had little to offer in terms of a systematic theory of economic phenomena. In theory, economic problems were dissolved by a utopian society which had transcended material scarcity. In practice, small communities with a common spirit could sometimes resolve allocation problems. Socialism and classical political economy The first organized theories of socialist economics were significantly impacted by classical economic theory, including elements in Adam Smith, Robert Malthus and David Ricardo. In Smith there is a conception of a common good not provided by the market, a class analysis, a concern for the dehumanizing aspects of the factory system, and the concept of rent as being unproductive. Ricardo argued that the renting class was parasitic. This, and the possibility of a general glut, an over accumulation of capital to produce goods for sale rather than for use, became the foundation of a rising critique of the concept that free markets with competition would be sufficient to prevent disastrous downturns in the economy, and whether the need for expansion would inevitably lead to war. Socialist political economy before Marx Charles Fourier, influential early French socialist thinker A key early socialist theorist of political economy was Pierre-Joseph Proudhon. He was the most well-known of nineteenth century mutualist theorists and the first thinker to refer to himself as an anarchist. Others were: Technocrats like Henri de Saint Simon, agrarian radicals like Thomas Spence, William Ogilvie and William Cobbett; anti-capitalists like Thomas Hodgskin; communitarian and utopian socialists like Robert Owen, William Thompson and Charles Fourier; anti-market socialists like John Gray and John Francis Bray; the Christian mutualist William Batchelder Greene; as well as the theorists of the Chartist movement and early proponents of syndicalism. The first advocates of socialism promoted social leveling in order to create a meritocratic or technocratic society based upon individual talent. Count Henri de Saint-Simon was the first individual to coin the term socialism. Simon was fascinated by the enormous potential of science and technology, which led him to advocate a socialist society that would eliminate the disorderly aspects of capitalism and which would be based upon equal opportunities. Simon advocated a society in which each person was ranked according to his or her capacities and rewarded according to his or her work. This was accompanied by a desire to implement a rationally organized economy based on planning and geared towards large-scale scientific and material progress, which embodied a desire for a semi-planned economy. Other early socialist thinkers were influenced by the classical economists. The Ricardian socialists, such as Thomas Hodgskin and Charles Hall, were based on the work of David Ricardo and reasoned that the equilibrium value of commodities approximated producer prices when those commodities were in elastic supply, and that these producer prices corresponded to the embodied labor. The Ricardian socialists viewed profit, interest and rent as deductions from this exchange-value. Das Kapital Karl Marx employed systematic analysis in an ambitious attempt to elucidate capitalisms contradictory laws of motion, as well as to expose the specific mechanisms by which it exploits and alienates. He radically modified classical political economic theories. Notably, the labor theory of value that had been worked upon by Adam Smith and David Ricardo, was transformed into his characteristic law of value and used for the purpose of revealing how commodity fetishism obscures the reality of capitalist society. His approach, which Engels would call scientific socialism, would stand as the branching point in economic theory: in one direction went those who rejected the capitalist system as fundamentally anti-social, arguing that it could never be harnessed to effectively realize the fullest development of human potentialities wherein the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all.. Das Kapital is one of the many famous incomplete works of economic theory: Marx had planned four volumes, completed two, and left his collaborator Engels to complete the third. In many ways the work is modelled on Adam Smiths Wealth of Nations, seeking to be a comprehensive logical description of production, consumption and finance in relation to morality and the state. It is a work of philosophy, anthropology and sociology as much as one of economics. However, it has several important statements: * The Law of Value Capitalist production is the production of â€Å"an immense multitude of commodities† or generalised commodity production. A commodity has two essential qualities firstly, they are useful, they satisfy some human want, â€Å"the nature of such wants, whether, for instance, they spring from the stomach or from fancy, makes no difference,† and secondly they are sold on a market or exchanged. Critically the exchange value of a commodity â€Å"is independent of the amount of labour required to appropriate its useful qualities.† But rather depends on the amount of socially necessary labour required to produce it. All commodities are sold at their value, so the origin of the capitalist profit is not in cheating or theft but in the fact that the cost of reproduction of labour power, or the workers wage, is less than the value created during their time at work, enabling the capitalists to yield a surplus value or profit on their investments. * Historical Property Relations Historical capitalism represents a process of momentous social upheaval where rural masses were separated from the land and ownership of the means of production by force, deprivation, and legal manipulation, creating an urban proletariat based on the institution of wage-labour. Moreover, capitalist property relations aggravated the artificial separation between city and country, which is a key factor in accounting for the metabolic rift between human beings in capitalism and their natural environment, which is at the root of our current ecological dilemmas. * Commodity Fetishism Marx adapted previous value-theory to show that in capitalism phenomena involved with the price system (markets, competition, supply and demand) constitute a powerful ideology that obscures the underlying social relations of capitalist society. Commodity fetishism refers to this distortion of appearance. The underlying social reality is one of economic exploitation. * Economic Exploitation Workers are the fundamental creative source of new value. Property relations affording the right of usufruct and despotic control of the workplace to capitalists are the devices by which the surplus value created by workers is appropriated by the capitalists. * Accumulation Inherent to capitalism is the incessant drive to accumulate as a response to the competitive forces acting upon all capitalists. In such a context the accumulated wealth which is the source of the capitalists social power derives itself from being able to repeat the circuit of MoneyCommodityMoney, where the capitalist receives an increment or surplus value higher than their initial investment, as rapidly and efficiently as possible. Moreover this driving imperative leads capitalism to its expansion on a worldwide scale. * Crises Marx identified natural and historically specific (i.e. structural) barriers to accumulation that were interrelated and interpenetrated one another in times of crises. Different types of crises, such as realization crises and overproduction crises, are expressions of capitalisms inability to constructively overcome such barriers. Moreover, the upshot of crises is increased centralization, the expropriation of the many capitalists by the few. * Centralization The interacting forces of competition, endemic crises, intensive and extensive expansion of the scale of production, and a growing interdependency with the state apparatus, all promote a strong developmental tendency towards the centralization of capital. * Material Development As a result of its constant drive to optimize profitability by increasing the productivity of labour, typically by revolutionizing technology and production techniques, capitalism develops so as to progressively reduce the objective need for work, suggesting the potential for a new era of creative forms of work and expanded scope for leisure. * Socialization, and the pre-conditions for Revolution By socializing the labour process, concentrating workers into urban settings in large-scale production processes and linking them in a worldwide market, the agents of a potential revolutionary change are created. Thus Marx felt that in the course of its development capitalism was at the same time developing the preconditions for its own negation. However, although the objective conditions for change are generated by the capitalist system itself, the subjective conditions for social revolution can only come about through the apprehension of the objective circumstances by the agents themselves and the transformation of such understanding into an effective revolutionary program Anarchist economics Anarchist economics is the set of theories and practices of economics and economic activity within the political philosophy of anarchism. Pierre Joseph Proudhon was involved with the Lyons mutualists and later adopted the name to describe his own teachings. Mutualism is an anarchist school of thought that originates in the writings of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, who envisioned a society where each person might possess a means of production, either individually or collectively, with trade representing equivalent amounts of labor in the free market. Integral to the scheme was the establishment of a mutual-credit bank that would lend to producers at a minimal interest rate, just high enough to cover administration. Mutualism is based on a labor theory of value that holds that when labor or its product is sold, in exchange, it ought to receive goods or services embodying the amount of labor necessary to produce an article of exactly similar and equal utility. Receiving anything less would be considered exploitation, theft of labor, or usury. Collectivist anarchism (also known as anarcho-collectivism) is a revolutionary doctrine that advocates the abolition of the state and private ownership of the means of production. Instead, it envisions the means of production being owned collectively and controlled and managed by the producers themselves. Once collectivization takes place, workers salaries would be determined in democratic organizations based on the amount of time they contributed to production. These salaries would be used to purchase goods in a communal market. Collectivist anarchism is most commonly associated with Mikhail Bakunin, the anti-authoritarian sections of the First International, and the early Spanish anarchist movement. The Conquest of Bread by Peter Kropotkin, influential work which presents the economic vision ofanarcho-communism Anarchist communism is a theory of anarchism which advocates the abolition of the state, private property, and capitalism in favor of common ownership of the means of production, direct democracy and a horizontal network of voluntary associations and workers councils with production and consumption based on the guiding principle: from each according to ability, to each according to need. Unlike mutualism, collectivist anarchism and marxism, anarcho-communism as defended by Peter Kropotkin and Errico Malatesta rejected the labor theory of value altogether, instead advocating a gift economy and to base distribution on need. Anarchist communism as a coherent, modern economic-political philosophy was first formulated in the Italian section of the First International by Carlo Cafiero, Emilio Covelli, Errico Malatesta, Andrea Costa and other ex-Mazzinian Republicans. Out of respect for Mikhail Bakunin, they did not make their differences with collectivist anarchism explicit until after Bakunins death. By the early 1880s, most of the European anarchist movement had adopted an anarchist communist position, advocating the abolition of wage labour and distribution according to need. Ironically, the collectivist label then became more commonly associated with Marxist state socialists who advocated the retention of some sort of wage system during the transition to full communism. After Marx Marxs work sharpened the existing differences between the revolutionary and non-revolutionary socialists. Non-revolutionary socialists took inspiration from the work of John Stuart Mill, and later Keynes and the Keynesians, who provided theoretical justification for (potentially very extensive) state involvement in an existing market economy. According to the Keynesians, if the business cycle could be solved by national ownership of key industries and state direction of their investment, class antagonism would be effectively tamed a compact would be formed between labour and the capitalists. There would be no need for revolution; instead Keynes looked to the eventual euthanasia of the rentier sometime in the far future. Joan Robinson and Michael Kalecki employed Keynesian insights to form the basis of a critical post-Keynesian economics that at times went well beyond liberal reformism. Many original socialist economic ideas would also emerge out of the trade union movement In the wake of Marx, Marxist economists developed many different, sometimes contradictory tendencies. Some of these tendencies were based on internal disputes about the meaning of some of Marxs ideas, including the Law of Value and his crisis theory. Other variations were elaborations that subsequent theorists made in light of real world developments. For example the monopoly capitalist school saw Paul A. Baran and Paul Sweezy attempt to modify Marxs theory of capitalist development, which was based upon the assumption of price competition, to reflect the evolution to a stage where both economy and state were subject to the dominating influence of giant corporations. World-systems analysis, would restate Marxs ideas about the worldwide division of labour and the drive to accumulate from the holistic perspective of capitalisms historical development as a global system. Accordingly, Immanuel Wallerstein, writing in 1979, maintained that There are today no socialist systems in the world-economy any more than there are feudal systems because there is only one world-system. It is a world-economy and it is by definition capitalist in form. Socialism involves the creation of a new kind of world-system, neither a redistributive world-empire nor a capitalist world-economy but a socialist world-government. I dont see this projection as being in the least utopian but I also dont feel its institution is imminent. It will be the outcome of a long social struggle in forms that may be familiar and perhaps in very few forms, that will take place in all the areas of the world-economy. Meanwhile other notable strands of reformist and revolutionary socialist economics sprung up that were either only loosely associated with Marxism or wholly independent. Thorsten Veblen is widely credited as the founder of critical institutionalism. His idiosyncratic theorizing included acidic critiques of the inefficiency of capitalism, monopolies, advertising, and the utility of conspicuous consumption. Some institutionalists have addressed the incentive problems experienced by the Soviet Union. Critical institutionalists have worked on the specification of incentive-compatible institutions, usually based on forms of participatory democracy, as a resolution superior to allocation by an autonomous market mechanism. Another key socialist, closely related to Marx, Keynes, and Gramsci, was Piero Sraffa. He mined classical political economy, particularly Ricardo, in an attempt to erect a value theory that was at the same time an explanation of the normal distribution of prices in an economy, as well that of income and economic growth. A key finding was that the net product or surplus in the sphere of production was determined by the balance of bargaining power between workers and capitalists, which was in turn subject to the influence of non-economic, presumably social and political factors.

Communication Technologies For Health And Social Care Information Technology Essay

Communication Technologies For Health And Social Care Information Technology Essay In this unit the term assistive technology encompasses all technologies high tech, low tech and no tech which aid people disabled or normal to go about their daily life effectively and independently. In order to properly understand the uses and importance of Assistive Technology, some examples are sited below: A short sighted student puts on glasses so he/she can read, thus, the glasses are an assistive technology. A dyslexia patient cannot read the prescribed course texts and hence needs text-to speech software to scan and hear the words. Therefore both the scanner and the text-to-speech software are assistive technologies. Also it has being noted that managing money is not the only problem that we are being faced with in this present society. There are also problems of facilities, technologies and the need for health care professionals to work efficiently in satisfying clients wants and demands, which tends to be a vital issue. Scenario: You have been recruited to work in a care home for 3 months. The care home has a limited access and availability of todays assistive technologies. The manager introduces you to staff and residents as an experienced and valuable member of staff who has a good background in todays assistive technology that is used within the health and social care sector. Your main role is to develop an understanding of the value and the use of the assistive technologies, its applications and implications on service and service users. In relations to the above scenario write a detailed assignment covering the following points: 1 Investigate the use of and access to appropriate assistive and communication technologies for health and social care by: Describing a range of technologies and devices available for use within health and social care. Firstly, a brief introduction should be made on the meaning of Assistive Technology. These devices can be devices that substitutes or enhances physical or mental ability. According to Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), Assistive Technology devices are termed as any item, piece of equipment, or product system that is used to increase, maintain or improve functional capabilities of individuals with disabilities. These devices can be any homemade or commercially sold device which helps individuals perform some daily tasks and hence ranges from low tech to high tech (pencil grips, Braille readers, etc) In the UK, the government tend to encourage equal participation of all individuals especially those with disabilities and thus, extends the use of AT in the health and social care sectors. Prior to this, disabled personnels are considered as priorities in all cases which then lead to the term called Accommodation in the use of AT devices. WHAT THEN IS ACCOMODATION? It might sound rather daunting in using this word here, but it also plays a vital role as it relates to a way of modifying tasks for the disabled so that they can participate equally regardless of the nature of their condition. For instance, the use of calculator for a disabled student that cannot remember mathematic figures is a way of accommodating his/her present conditions. Describing a range of communications technologies available to services and service users. Analysing barriers to the use of assistive technologies in health and social care Poor short term memory in elderly ones Lower motivation and learning level present at elderly age Explaining benefits of technologies to organisations and individuals. Wellford in (Birren, J. 1959) agreed with the importance of AT which makes life easier for the elderly, but was pessimistic as well saying that these devices deteriorates rapidly as the complexity increases. also, Benefits of AT to individuals We are all aware that whenever change is being made, everyone wants to know the benefits of it to us. For instance, in the political field, different parties campaign for election, but before people cast their vote, they will like to know the manifesto and intentions of various candidates and what they have to offer which will be beneficial. Similarly, these disabled ones will like to know the benefits of these devices before they can accept it and listed below are some of the benefits of AT to individuals; Benefits of AT to an individual This can be categorized into different sections as illustrated below; Activities of daily life Inner relations Outer relations   The category applicable to individuals is the inner relations which encompasses of; Helping individuals to have a good self-esteem Building up their confidence by the use of the devices By also ensuring that they are safe from harm and risks By relieving them of some or all of their initial pains By eliminating discomfort in their lives Below are list of devices and products of different assistive technology been used. Ambulation Architectural Access Child Care Communication Computer Hardware Computer Software Ergonomics Farm Management Adaptations Health/Medical Equipment Hearing Technology Home Management Mobility Orthotics Personal Care Prosthethetics Recreation Seating Switches Therapeutic Aids Transportation Vision Technology Vocational/Educational Working Animals Ambulation canes cane accessories crutches crutch accessories walkers walker accessories Architectural Access bath tubs bathroom remodel bathroom sinks cabinets ceiling track lift chair stair lift doors/auto open drinking fountain elevators house plans kitchen remodel kitchen sinks/appliances lighting pool lifts ramps safety/security showers toilets wheelchair lifts Child Care cribs/playpens high chairs mattresses/bedding monitors strollers walkers Communication augmentative communication devices (electronic) book holders communication boards electric page turners head wands light pointers manual page turners mouth sticks personal voice amplification reading machines signal systems telephone access television adaptations typewriters typing aids writing aids Computer Hardware Braille printers computer supplies computer work stations cursor control expanded keyboards interface adaptation keyboards key guards mini keyboards other keyboards printers special computer systems tactile printers visual accessories/modifications voice recognition systems voice synthesizers Computer Software assessment/evaluation/training communication educational large print recreation/games special access switch operated talking tools/word processing/database voice recognition Ergonomics arm/wrist supports back supports CRT access ergo joystick industrial workstations office workstations seat/chair tools Hearing Technology alert/signal systems audio loop systems FM amplification systems Hearing aids infrared amplification systems personal amplification systems TDDs/TTYs telephone adaptations TV amplifiers TV decoders Home Management beds/mattresses food preparation housekeeping lift chairs/lift cushions other furniture protective bed/padding shopping aids special pillows Health/Medical Equipment blood pressure/pulse diabetic equipment dispenser aids other medical equipment pressure monitors scales signal systems stethoscopes thermometers Mobility adult bikes/trikes adult light weight adult travel chairs car seats/bed child light weight hand operated trikes manual stretchers manual wheelchair patient chairs portable ramps power stretchers powered standing wheelchair powered wheelchair recliner sports/racing standing wheelchair strollers three-wheeled mobility devices travel chairs Orthotics braces foot orthotics helmets restraints splints supports Personal Care bathing accessories carrying dishes/utensils drinking feeding accessories feeding devices grab bars/grips/handles grooming hygiene incontinent supplies mechanical transfer lift reaching shower/bath chair smoking stationary commode toileting accessories transfer board wheeled bath chair/commode Seating bolster chairs corner chairs decubitis cushion other cushions other therapeutic seats postural support hardware postural support systems pressure monitors wheelchair cushion Switches mounting hardware other switches wheelchair controls Therapeutic Aids ambulation training balance training crawling/scooting elevated mat tables exercise equipment fine motor gross motor hydrotherapy mats pain relief Para podiums perceptual motor positioning prone standers rolls/inclines sensory integration sexual aids side lying boards stand tables strengthening supine standers treatment tables upright frames Transportation assistive accessories driving controls motorcycles/conversions ramps seat belts vehicle access vehicle conversions vehicles wheelchair lifts wheelchair loaders/carriers wheelchair restraint systems Vision Technology braille clocks/watches labeling large button phone large print books magnification systems magnifiers sensors/safety/security speaker phone taped/audio books calculators other devices talking equipment Vocational/Educational adjustable tables classroom equipment education/instruction literature/books office equipment tools vocational assessment/training work station/desks (Word Count: 1250 Words) 2 Analyze how technology can be applied to support independent living by: 2.1 Analyzing how the use of assistive technologies may support independent living. As we all know, AT can only be beneficial if the solutions have a usability value for the individual end user. Prior to this, clients who also are humans have different needs in life which they will want to be respected and considered when introducing any device to them. These needs are classified as below: Physical (body) -Basics (food warmth, shelter), Protection, Medication Intellectual (Mind) Education, Stimulation Emotional (feelings) Support, love, respect Social (people) friends, mixing with others, seeing friends family, translators, Cultural-Ethnicity, religion, festivals, dress, language, diet, prayer times, community magazine From the above, we can now ensure that all or some of these needs are considered when providing devices for them. Fortunately for us and them as well, different ATs have being developed which supports them in the following ways; Different ways in which AT supports individuals Moving about in the home Knowing what clothes to put on Lifting up and holding a child Getting up in the morning Opening and shutting windows Understanding and being understood Dressing and undressing Managing incontinence Moving about for shopping and banking Making food to eat Managing medication Driving Playing various games Access to educational material and school Access to media Access to computers and regular software Weeding of garden, etc. 2.2 Evaluating the use of assistive technology for one specific health and social care service user. Making recommendations of how assistive technologies might enhance services for individuals with specific health and social care need Conclusions cannot just be made on how AT is important to the disbled without firstly, acknowledging that its efficiency is based on some criterions like; Characteristics of the individuals user Characteristics of the AT in use The service delivery process The integration of provision services into rehabilitation strategy (Word Count: 1000 Words) 3 Evaluate implications of developments in assistive technologies which have potential for application in health and social care by: Describing health and safety considerations in the use of assistive technologies. Analyzing ethical considerations in the use of assistive technologies. Describing the impact of recent and emerging technological developments on health and social care services, organizations and workers. Suggest how assistive technologies might influence the role or workers in health and social care in the future. (Word Count: 1000 Words)